Common applications being built on Node.js like social networking and chat require real-time scaling capabilities across multiple instances. Developers need to deal with sticky sessions, scale-up, scale-down, instance crash/restart, and more. Cloud Foundry PaaS provides a ready platform to achieve this quickly.
The following blog post will walk you through deploying and managing real-time applications on Cloud Foundry using common Node.js examples and Redis key-value store capabilities.
Here’s what we’ll cover:
- Building and Scaling a Chat App
- Socket.io and Sticky Sessions
- Sending Session Info to Socket.io
- Redis as a Session Store
- Socket.io as a Pub/Sub Server
- Redis as a Pub/Sub Service
- Handling Server Scale-downs, Crashes and Restarts
- Running/Testing on Cloud Foundry
- General Notes
Building and Scaling a Chat App
The main objective here is to build a simple chat app while tackling the scale requirements. Specifically, we will be building a simple Express, Socket.io and Redis-based Chat app that meets the following objectives:
- Chat server should run with multiple instances.
- The user login should be saved in a session.
- User should be logged back in upon browser refresh
- Socket.io should get user information from the session before sending chat messages.
- Socket.io should only connect if user is already logged in.
- If the server instance that the user is connected to gets restarted, goes down or is scaled down while the user is chatting, the user should be reconnected to an available instance and recover the session.
Chat app’s Login page:
Chat app’s Chat page:
Socket.io and Sticky Sessions
Socket.io is one of the earliest and most popular Node.js modules to help build real-time apps like chat, social networking etc. (Note: SockJS is another popular library similar to Socket.io).
When you run such a server in a cloud that has a load-balancer, reverse proxy, routers etc., it has to be configured to work properly, especially when you scale the server to use multiple instances.
One of the constraints Socket.io, SockJS and similar libraries have is that they need to continuously talk to the same instance of the server. They work perfectly well when there is only one instance of the server.
When you scale your app in a cloud environment, the load balancer (Nginx in the case of Cloud Foundry) will take over, and the requests will be sent to different instances causing Socket.io to break.
For such situations, load balancers have a feature called ‘sticky sessions’, also known as ‘session affinity’. The idea is that if this property is set, all the requests following the first load-balanced request will go to the same server instance.
In Cloud Foundry, cookie-based sticky sessions are enabled for apps that set the cookie jsessionid. Note that jsessionid is the cookie name commonly used to track sessions in Java/Spring applications. Cloud Foundry is simply adopting it as the sticky session cookie for all frameworks.
To make socket.io work, the apps just need to set a cookie with the name jsessionid.
/**
* Use cookieParser and session middleware together.
* By default Express/Connect app creates a cookie by name 'connect.sid'. But to scale Socket.io app,
* make sure to use cookie name 'jsessionid' (instead of connect.sid) use Cloud Foundry's 'Sticky Session' feature.
* W/o this, Socket.io won't work when you have more than 1 instance.
* If you are NOT running on Cloud Foundry, having cookie name 'jsessionid' doesn't hurt - it's just a cookie name.
*/
app.use(cookieParser);
app.use(express.session({store:sessionStore, key:'jsessionid', secret:'your secret here'}));
In the above diagram, when you open the app,
- Express sets a session cookie with name jsessionid.
- When socket.io connects, it uses that same cookie and hits the load balancer
- The load balancer always routes it to the same server that the cookie was set in.
Sending Session Info to Socket.io
Let’s imagine that the user is logging in via Twitter or Facebook, or a regular login screen. We are storing this information in a session after the user has logged in.
app.post('/login', function (req, res) {
//store user info in session after login.
req.session.user = req.body.user;
...
...
});
Once the user has logged in, we connect via socket.io to allow chatting. However, socket.io doesn’t know who the user is and if he or she is actually logged in before sending chat messages to others.
That’s where the sessions.sockets.io library comes in. It’s a very simple library that’s a wrapper around socket.io. All it does is grab session information during the handshake and then pass it to socket.io’s connection function.
//With just Socket.io.. io.sockets.on(‘connection’, function (socket) { //do pubsub here … }) //But with sessions.sockets.io, you’ll get session info /* Use SessionSockets so that we can exchange (set/get) user data b/w sockets and http sessions Pass ‘jsessionid’ (custom) cookie name that we are using to make use of Sticky sessions. */ var SessionSockets = require(‘session.socket.io’); var sessionSockets = new SessionSockets(io, sessionStore, cookieParser, ‘jsessionid’); sessionSockets.on(‘connection’, function (err, socket, session) { //get info from session var user = session.user; //Close socket if user is not logged in if (!user) socket.close(); //do pubsub socket.emit(‘chat’, {user: user, msg: ‘logged in’}); … });
Redis as a Session Store
So far so good, but Express stores these sessions in MemoryStore (by default). MemoryStore is simply a Javascript object – it will be in memory as long as the server is up. If the server goes down, all the session information of all users will be lost!
We need a place to store this outside of our server, but it should also be very fast to retrieve. That’s where Redis as a session store come in.
Let’s configure our app to use Redis as a session store as below.
/*
Use Redis for Session Store. Redis will keep all Express sessions in it.
*/
var redis = require('redis');
var RedisStore = require('connect-redis')(express);
var rClient = redis.createClient();
var sessionStore = new RedisStore({client:rClient});
//And pass sessionStore to Express's 'session' middleware's 'store' value.
...
...
app.use(express.session({store: sessionStore, key: 'jsessionid', secret: 'your secret here'}));
...
With the above configuration, sessions will now be stored in Redis. Also, if one of the server instances goes down, the session will still be available for other instances to pick up.
Socket.io as Pub/Sub Server
So far our sessions are taken care of with the above setup, but if we are using Socket.io’s default pub-sub mechanism, it will work only for one server instance. i.e. if user1 and user2 are on server instance #1, they can both chat with each other. If they are on different server instances, they cannot do so.
sessionSockets.on(‘connection’, function (err, socket, session) { socket.on(‘chat’, function (data) { socket.emit(‘chat’, data); //send back to browser socket.broadcast.emit(‘chat’, data); // send to others }); socket.on(‘join’, function (data) { socket.emit(‘chat’, {msg: ‘user joined’}); socket.broadcast.emit(‘chat’, {msg: ‘user joined’}); }); }
Redis as a Pub/Sub Service
In order to send chat messages to users across servers we will update our server to use Redis as a Pub/Sub service (along with session store). Redis natively supports pub-sub operations. All we need to do is to create a publisher, a subscriber, and a channel.
//We will use Redis to do pub-sub
/*
Create two Redis connections. A 'pub' for publishing and a 'sub' for subscribing.
Subscribe 'sub' connection to 'chat' channel.
*/
var sub = redis.createClient();
var pub = redis.createClient();
sub.subscribe('chat');
sessionSockets.on('connection', function (err, socket, session) {
socket.on('chat', function (data) {
pub.publish('chat', data);
});
socket.on('join', function (data) {
pub.publish('chat', {msg: 'user joined'});
});
/*
Use Redis' 'sub' (subscriber) client to listen to any message from Redis to server.
When a message arrives, send it back to browser using socket.io
*/
sub.on('message', function (channel, message) {
socket.emit(channel, message);
});
}
The app architecture will now look like this:
Handling Server Scale-downs, Crashes & Restarts
The app will work fine as long as all the server instances are running. What happens if the server is restarted or scaled down or one of the instances crash? How do we handle that?
Let’s first understand what happens in that situation.
The code below simply connects a browser to server and listens to various socket.io events.
/*
Connect to socket.io on the server (***BEFORE FIX***).
*/
var host = window.location.host.split(':')[0];
var socket = io.connect('http://' + host);
socket.on('connect', function () {
console.log('connected');
});
socket.on('connecting', function () {
console.log('connecting');
});
socket.on('disconnect', function () {
console.log('disconnect');
});
socket.on('connect_failed', function () {
console.log('connect_failed');
});
socket.on('error', function (err) {
console.log('error: ' + err);
});
socket.on('reconnect_failed', function () {
console.log('reconnect_failed');
});
socket.on('reconnect', function () {
console.log('reconnected ');
});
socket.on('reconnecting', function () {
console.log('reconnecting');
});
While the user is chatting, if we restart the app on localhost or on a single host, socket.io attempts to reconnect multiple times (based on configuration) to see if it can connect. If the server comes up with in that time, it will reconnect. So we see the below logs:
If we restart the server (say using vmc restart redispubsub) and the user is chatting on the same app that’s running on Cloud Foundry AND with multiple instances, we will see the following log:
You can see that in the above logs, after the server comes back up, socket.io client (running in the browser) isn’t able to connect to socket.io server (running on Node.js in the server).
This is because, once the server is restarted on Cloud Foundry, instances are brought up as if they are brand-new server instances with different IP addresses and different ports and so jsessionid is no-longer valid. That in turn causes the load balancer to load balance socket.io’s reconnection requests (i.e. they are sent to different server instances) causing the socket.io server not to properly handshake and consequently to throw client not handshaken errors!
OK, let’s fix that reconnection issue
First, we will disable socket.io’s default “reconnect” feature, and then implement our own reconnection feature.
In our custom reconnection function, when the server goes down, we’ll make a dummy HTTP-get call to index.html every 4-5 seconds. If the call succeeds, we know that the (Express) server has already set jsessionid in the response. So, then we’ll call socket.io’s reconnect function. This time because jsessionid is set, socket.io’s handshake will succeed and the user can continue to chat without interruption.
/*
Connect to socket.io on the server (*** FIX ***).
*/
var host = window.location.host.split(':')[0];
//Disable Socket.io's default "reconnect" feature
var socket = io.connect('http://' + host, {reconnect: false, 'try multiple transports': false});
var intervalID;
var reconnectCount = 0;
...
...
socket.on('disconnect', function () {
console.log('disconnect');
//Retry reconnecting every 4 seconds
intervalID = setInterval(tryReconnect, 4000);
});
...
...
/*
Implement our own reconnection feature.
When the server goes down we make a dummy HTTP-get call to index.html every 4-5 seconds.
If the call succeeds, we know that (Express) server sets ***jsessionid*** , so only then we try socket.io reconnect.
*/
var tryReconnect = function () {
++reconnectCount;
if (reconnectCount == 5) {
clearInterval(intervalID);
}
console.log('Making a dummy http call to set jsessionid (before we do socket.io reconnect)');
$.ajax('/')
.success(function () {
console.log("http request succeeded");
//reconnect the socket AFTER we got jsessionid set
socket.socket.reconnect();
clearInterval(intervalID);
}).error(function (err) {
console.log("http request failed (probably server not up yet)");
});
};
In addition, since the jsessionid is invalidated by the load balancer, we can’t create a session with the same jsessionid or else the sticky session will be ignored by the load balancer. So on the server, when the dummy HTTP request comes in, we will regenerate the session to remove the old session and sessionid and ensure everything is afresh before we serve the response.
//Instead of..
exports.index = function (req, res) {
res.render('index', { title: 'RedisPubSubApp', user: req.session.user});
};
//Use this..
exports.index = function (req, res) {
//Save user from previous session (if it exists)
var user = req.session.user;
//Regenerate new session & store user from previous session (if it exists)
req.session.regenerate(function (err) {
req.session.user = user;
res.render('index', { title: 'RedisPubSubApp', user: req.session.user});
});
};
Running / Testing on Cloud Foundry
- Clone the app to
redispubsubfolder cd redispubsubnpm installand follow the below instructions to push the app to Cloud Foundry
[~/success/git/redispubsub] > vmc push redispubsub Instances> 4 <----- Run 4 instances of the server 1: node 2: other Framework> node 1: node 2: node06 3: node08 4: other Runtime> 3 <---- Choose Node.js 0.8v 1: 64M 2: 128M 3: 256M 4: 512M Memory Limit> 64M Creating redispubsub... OK 1: redispubsub.cloudfoundry.com 2: none URL> redispubsub.cloudfoundry.com <--- URL of the app (choose something unique) Updating redispubsub... OK Create services for application?> y 1: blob 0.51 2: mongodb 2.0 3: mysql 5.1 4: postgresql 9.0 5: rabbitmq 2.4 6: redis 2.6 7: redis 2.4 8: redis 2.2 What kind?> 6 <----- Select & Add Redis v2.6 service Name?> redis-e9771 <-- This is just a random name for Redis service Creating service redis-e9771... OK Binding redis-e9771 to redispubsub... OK Create another service?> n Bind other services to application?> n Save configuration?> n Uploading redispubsub... OK Starting redispubsub... OK Checking redispubsub... OK
- Once the server is up, open up multiple browsers and go to
<appname>.cloudfoundry.com - Start chatting
Test 1
- Refresh the browser
- You should automatically be logged in
Test 2
- Open up JS debugger (in Chrome, do
cmd + alt +j) - Restart the server by running
vmc restart <appname> - Once the server restarts, Socket.io should automatically reconnect
- You should be able to chat after the reconnection
That’s it for this time. Stay tuned for my next blog where I will discuss how RabbitMQ can be leveraged in scalable apps built on Cloud Foundry. The content of this blog has also been covered in a video. Feel free to get in touch with us for questions on the material.
General Notes
- Get the code right away – Github location: https://github.com/rajaraodv/redispubsub.
- Deploy right away – if you don’t already have a Cloud Foundry account, sign up for it here.
- Check out Cloud Foundry getting started here and install the
vmcRuby command line tool to push apps. - To install the latest alpha or beta
vmctool run:sudo gem install vmc --pre.
Credits
Front end UI: https://github.com/steffenwt/nodejs-pub-sub-chat-demo
